Insects Explained         introduction • the arthropods • insect morphology • the orders of insects • insects with simple metamorphosis • true bugs • cicadas, hoppers & aphids • dobsonflies, lacewings & antlions • beetles • butterflies & moths • flies • sawflies, wasps, bees & ants • about me
Biotic influences on resource allocation: defense against herbivores the guilds of plant feeders: chewers miners and borers suckers gall makers gall makers, cont’d seed predators effects of herbivory on Psychotria horizontalis in 3 light gaps plant strategic responses to insect attack physical defenses surface waxes and resins trichomes sticky glands modes of chemical escape modes of chemical defense constitutive vs induced defenses major classes of secondary plant compounds what is the cost of defense? physiological price of an induced defense (Zangerl et al 1997) physiological price of an induced defense: methods physiological price of an induced defense: results physical defenses also divert from growth adding insult to injury . . . herbivore adaptations to physical defenses additional roles of secondary compounds reduce the opportunity costs of defense additional roles of secondary compounds, cont’d roles of secondary compounds, cont’d secondary compounds are instrumental in tritrophic interactions: cues for natural enemies the dilemma of plants: grow or defend? relationships between resource availability and secondary metabolism (Herms & Mattson 1992) phenotypic variation in herbivore resistance: 2 hypotheses carbon/nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis: how it works CNB hypothesis, cont’d growth-differentiation balance (GDB) hyphothesis & life history strategies growth-differentiation balance continuum of coadapted life-history traits secondary compounds not homogeneously distributed within plants herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical forest (Coley 1983) herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical forest: cont’d herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical forest: cont’d references picture credits
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